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The study aims to explore the visual attention differences between expert and novice soccer referees during multiple object tracking tasks.

July 30, 2026Scientific ReportsOpen Access

Experts outperform novices under high attentional load in soccer referees: a multiple object tracking study

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Randomized trial investigates how tracking speed affects performance of expert and novice soccer referees, highlighting attentional load advantages.

The study aims to explore the visual attention differences between expert and novice soccer referees during multiple object tracking tasks.
Fifty-two male referees categorized as expert (n=26) and novice (n=26) completed a multiple object tracking task at three speeds (4°/s, 8°/s, 12°/s).
Performance accuracy was analyzed using a 2x3 mixed-design repeated-measures ANOVA, examining effects of group and speed.
Post-hoc analyses utilized Bonferroni correction to assess effect sizes for group differences at each speed.
Significant main effect of tracking speed (F(2, 100)=451.364, p<0.001, ηP2=0.900) showed accuracy declines with increasing speed.
Expert referees outperformed novices (F(1, 50)=12.406, p<0.001, ηP2=0.199), demonstrating a clear expertise effect.
A significant Group × Speed interaction (F(2, 100)=10.096, p<0.001, ηP2=0.168) indicated experts excelled at higher speeds (8°/s and 12°/s), with negligible differences at 4°/s.

Jin et al. (2026) studied this question.

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July 30, 2026Scientific ReportsOpen Access

View Full Paper

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Authors

Randomized trial investigates how tracking speed affects performance of expert and novice soccer referees, highlighting attentional load advantages.

The study aims to explore the visual attention differences between expert and novice soccer referees during multiple object tracking tasks.
Fifty-two male referees categorized as expert (n=26) and novice (n=26) completed a multiple object tracking task at three speeds (4°/s, 8°/s, 12°/s).
Performance accuracy was analyzed using a 2x3 mixed-design repeated-measures ANOVA, examining effects of group and speed.
Post-hoc analyses utilized Bonferroni correction to assess effect sizes for group differences at each speed.
Significant main effect of tracking speed (F(2, 100)=451.364, p<0.001, ηP2=0.900) showed accuracy declines with increasing speed.
Expert referees outperformed novices (F(1, 50)=12.406, p<0.001, ηP2=0.199), demonstrating a clear expertise effect.
A significant Group × Speed interaction (F(2, 100)=10.096, p<0.001, ηP2=0.168) indicated experts excelled at higher speeds (8°/s and 12°/s), with negligible differences at 4°/s.

Jin et al. (2026) studied this question.

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