Hemodynamic stress as a cause of the high prevalence of arterial disease in women

Figures

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  Fig. 1.. Various morphological changes in intracranial aneurysms. a Split and ruptured internal elastic membrane; anterior cerebral artery; incidental finding (Elastica van Gieson staining). b Thrombosed berry-like aneurysm (original size 13 mm) of the internal carotid artery; rupture of the intima and tunica media. The aneurysm wall consists of a thin part of the tunica adventitia (Elastica van Gieson staining). c Ruptured (double-sided) aneurysm (original size 16 mm) of the basilar artery close to the junction of the vertebral arteries; rupture (arrow) of the larger part of the aneurysm; autopsy image; fatal subarachnoid hemorrhage; no arteriosclerosis.

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  Fig. 2.. Coronary artery stenosis caused by spotaneous coronary artery dissection: Angiographic presentations of spontaneous coronary artery dissection and corresponding anatomopathological features. First row describes the anatomical lesions behind each angiographic lesion (circles). Column 1 corresponds to angiotype 1: double lumen or luminal flap. Column 2 corresponds to angiotype 2: long smooth tapering. Column 3 corresponds to angiotype 3: focal stenosis. Courtesy of Macaya et al. [13].

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  Fig. 3.. Fibromuscular dysplasia. a Angiography; renal arteries; FMD lesion with classic “string of beads,” courtesy of Alex et al. [51]. b, c “String of beads”, longitudinal sections of the renal artery: fibromuscular dysplasia with medial fibroplasia (b, page 162) and fibromuscular dysplasia with perimedial fibroplasia (c; Fig. 5D, page 164 [37]). Courtesy of Harrison and McCormack [37] and publisher.