Experimental data utilization for solar energy applications under the effect of nonlinear convection with varying nanoparticle radius and interparticle spacing

This study investigates how nanofluids containing graphene oxide/ionic nanofluid (INF) can be used in a solar collector to generate renewable energy by observing their thermophysical properties. The photo-thermal conversion capabilities of graphene oxide (GO) nanoparticles have a significant impact on the solar absorption coating. Our research focuses on analyzing energy absorption, with a focus on the radius of the nanoparticle, the space between the particles, nonlinear convection, and three-dimensional distributions in a plane. In order to achieve numerical analysis with high accuracy during the simulation of solar collector design, the control volume finite element method (CVFEM) is utilized. The series solution of the transform system of equations is obtained using the homotopy analysis method (HAM). In a nanofluid that contained water (H 2 O) and graphene oxide (GO), the thermal energy efficiency of H 2 O/GO is found to be higher when it is compared with the combination of H 2 O-IL (25 %–75 %)-GO, H 2 O-IL (50 %–50 %)-GO, and IL-GO. The experimental available data have been validated through simulation using the current mathematical model, which showed improvements of 9.42 %, 36.51 %, and 72.52 %. The nanoparticle radius and inter-particle spacing provide 4.48 %, increase in the thermal energy transfer for the H 2 O-IL (25 %–75 %)-GO, similarly, the enhancement observed 9.51 %, using the H 2 O-IL (50 %–50 %)-GO. The efficient thermal enhancement that is 19.8 % obtained using H 2 O-GO. Hybrid nanofluids made of GO and H 2 O have been observed to be the ideal choice for solar energy applications, and thermal energy storage.