On the Role of Dufour Transportation in magnetised Al₂O₃–Cu/Water Hybrid Nanofluids flow through Porous Stretching surface with Suction

This study explores the heat-transfer characteristics of Dufour and suction effects in the MHD flow of an Al2O3-Cu/water hybrid nanofluid over a porous stretching surface under slip conditions. The governing nonlinear partial differential equations (PDEs) are transformed into a system of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) by utilizing suitable similarity transformations. The numerical findings of the present study are analyzed using the Keller Box method to achieve the study's aim. It is demonstrated that higher magnetic parameters, suction, velocity slip, and permeability reduce fluid velocity, while the nanoparticle volume fraction influences Cu and Al2O3 differently due to their distinct densities and dispersibility. An increase in nanoparticle concentration, Eckert number, radiation, and heat source raises the temperature, while the Prandtl number, heat sink, Dufour number, thermal slip, and suction lower the temperature. The Soret number increases concentration, while the Schmidt number reduces it and is greater than the chemical reaction, suction, and concentration slip, with differences between Cu and Al 2 O 3 . Magnetic and concentration slips increase skin friction, while permeability and suction decrease it. The current research shows significant alignment with earlier published findings, thus verifying the reliability, validation, and numerical precision of the Keller–Box method. This alignment with existing literature further confirms the efficacy of the Keller–Box method in addressing intricate nonlinear boundary layer issues.