Current knowledge and future directions in disease resistance breeding of Andean and Mesoamerican common bean gene pools: A review

Future breeding efforts and the resilience of common bean production are constrained by the absence of a comprehensive synthesis of resistance sources, breeding strategies, and molecular tools across the Andean and Mesoamerican gene pools. This review consolidates current knowledge on disease resistance breeding in common bean, focusing on major resistance genes and quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with key diseases including anthracnose, angular leaf spot, halo blight, common bacterial blight, rust, and viral infections. The Andean gene pool predominantly contributes race-specific resistance genes, while the Mesoamerican gene pool provides polygenic and environmentally stable resistance. Advances in genome-wide association studies (GWAS), genomic prediction, and functional genomics have accelerated the identification and deployment of resistance loci. However, challenges such as linkage drag, pathogen evolution, and limited integration of biotic and abiotic resistance remain critical. This review synthesizes mechanistic insights and breeding strategies, emphasizing gene pyramiding, genomic selection, and emerging gene editing tools. It provides a framework for integrating complementary resistance resources to achieve durable, climate-resilient common bean production.