Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.): From Domestication and Breeding to Genetic Improvement: A Review

The common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is one of the most important grain legumes worldwide, providing essential proteins, minerals, vitamins, and dietary fiber for human nutrition. Originating in the Americas, the species underwent complex domestication processes in both Mesoamerican and Andean regions, leading to the development of diverse cultivated gene pools. Over time, breeding programs have focused on increasing yield potential, improving seed quality, and enhancing resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses, including diseases, drought, and heat stress. Recent advances in genomics and molecular breeding have accelerated common bean improvement through genome-wide association studies, genomic selection, high-throughput genotyping, and whole-genome resequencing approaches, enabling the identification of loci associated with yield, stress tolerance, and disease resistance. Furthermore, the integration of genomic prediction models and modern biotechnological tools is expected to enhance breeding efficiency and support the development of climate-resilient cultivars adapted to future agricultural challenges. This review summarizes the major milestones in common bean domestication, breeding, and genetic improvement, while highlighting current challenges and future research opportunities.