A weighted KSA framework for measuring ship navigator competence in loss-of-ship-control scenarios

Proficient navigation is fundamental to the safety and efficiency of maritime operations. Despite the prevalence of loss-of-control incidents in accident statistics, this high-risk scenario remains insufficiently addressed in simulator-based maritime education and training (MET). This study develops and validates a systematic Knowledge, Skills and Attitude (KSA) grounded in Competency-Based Education and Assessment (CBEA) principles, for evaluating navigator performance during loss-of-ship-control simulations. The knowledge and skills domains were derived from the International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers and Codes (STCW), while the Attitude domain was grounded in established non-technical skills frameworks, including NOTECHS, and validated maritime human factors literature. Content validation was conducted by 65 experienced maritime professionals (EMPs), and an Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) was subsequently applied using inputs from 27 participants to establish weighted competency priorities across 11 sub-criteria and 60 competencies. Findings revealed a balanced distribution across the three primary criteria: Knowledge (40%), Skills (33%) and Attitude (27%). Among the 11 sub-criteria, the highest priorities were assigned to diagnostic skills, knowledge of rules and regulations and knowledge of navigational equipment. By providing a weighted and scenario-specific competency framework for loss-of-ship-control assessment, this study is designed to enhance the objectivity, fairness, and consistency of maritime simulator-based evaluations. The approach offers a practical foundation for competence-gap identification and targeted instructional intervention in high-risk training contexts.