Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) present a growing challenge to global health due to their progressive nature and the lack of effective curative treatments. An extensive overview of neurotherapeutics in NDDs is presented, beginning with significant pathological biomarkers involved in the onset and progression of these disorders. Important shared mechanisms, including mitochondrial dysfunction, abnormal protein aggregation, cytoskeletal disorganisation, synaptic failure, and chronic neuroinflammation, are discussed as the different molecular pathways to NDDs. The fundamental physiological attributes of AD, PD, and ALS have also been highlighted, with emphasis on neuronal vulnerabilities and associated molecular pathways. Building on this basis, it further discusses both existing and novel neurotherapeutic approaches, such as immunotherapy to modulate detrimental proteins and inflammation, gene therapy to modify or suppress disease-associated genes, and pharmacotherapeutic techniques aimed at easing symptoms and inhibiting disease progression. Additionally, it delves into advancements in nanotechnology for targeted drug delivery and the prospective advantages of neuroprotective phytochemicals. Overall, this review provides a comprehensive synthesis of current neurotherapeutic strategies and emerging approaches, highlighting key advances while addressing existing challenges in the management of neurodegenerative diseases. Graphical Abstract
Kapur et al. (Mon,) studied this question.