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June 19, 2026Nature CommunicationsOpen Access

Disentangling high harmonic generation from surface and bulk states of a topological insulator

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Authors

SLSha LiThe Ohio State UniversityWZWenyi ZhouUniversity of Science and Technology LiaoningKIKazi Aatish ImrozThe Ohio State University

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Overview

Randomized trial uncovers the influences of surface and bulk states on high harmonic generation in 3D topological insulators, suggesting new probing methods.

Key Points

  • This research aims to investigate how high harmonic generation (HHG) can differentiate between surface and bulk states in a topological insulator.
  • Studied high harmonic generation in Bi2Se3, a prototype 3D topological insulator.
  • Tuned the thickness of thin film samples to control contributions of surface and bulk states.
  • Applied a quasi-static terahertz perturbing field to disentangle the two responses.
  • An ultrathin (6 nm) film increases HHG from surface states, while a thicker (50 nm) film shows dominance of bulk states.
  • Identified significant effects of surface states’ shift vector and Berry curvature on HHG.
  • Provided methods for isolating optical responses of topological surface states from bulk contributions.

Cite This Study

Li et al. (2026) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/6a34dc9f65a5b0777af2cb93https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-74310-7
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