A Four-Dimensional Comparative Framework for Examining the Evolution of a Unified Architectural System in Northwestern Iran

This study presents a four-dimensional comparative framework for analyzing the evolutionary relationship between the Nakhchivan and Tabriz architectural schools in northwestern Iran. By examining geometric structures, structural systems, decorative languages, and conceptual foundations, the research demonstrates that these two traditions represent sequential phases of a unified architectural system rather than independent schools. The Nakhchivan school established a coherent geometric–structural core based on polygonal geometry, structural brickwork, and vertically oriented spatial organization. The Tabriz school later expanded and transformed this core at a monumental scale, introducing advanced engineering, spatial complexity, and the full development of mosaic tilework. Through a descriptive-analytical methodology and comparative analysis of key monuments, the study clarifies shared patterns, points of divergence, and the non-linear evolutionary continuum linking these two major medieval architectural traditions.