A comprehensive multi-criteria framework for evaluating innovative energy optimization technologies in buildings

Optimizing energy consumption in buildings has become a critical challenge due to increasing energy demand and environmental pressures. Addressing this challenge requires decision-making approaches that simultaneously consider technical, economic, social, political, and environmental dimensions. This study proposes a comprehensive multi-criteria analytical framework to evaluate and prioritize innovative energy optimization technologies in the building sector. Six representative technologies were examined: low-energy HVAC systems, energy-generating flooring, geothermal energy systems, building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) panels, smart glass, and nanomaterial-based insulation. Five main criteria and 25 sub-criteria were identified through an extensive literature review and expert consultation using the Delphi method. Criteria weights were determined using the Mean Deviation Level (MDL) approach, and technology prioritization was conducted using fuzzy TOPSIS, fuzzy VIKOR, and MARCOS methods. The results consistently indicate that nanomaterial insulation achieves the highest overall performance due to its superior thermal efficiency, compatibility with existing buildings, and environmental benefits. Low-energy HVAC systems and BIPV panels ranked second and third, respectively, while geothermal energy systems ranked lowest, mainly because of high initial costs and infrastructural constraints. Overall, the proposed framework provides a robust and transparent basis for comparing alternative technologies and supports more informed decision-making in sustainable building design and energy policy.