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June 21, 2026F&S ScienceOpen Access

Flowing Differently: Exploratory Characterization of Menstrual Effluent Compared to Peripheral Blood

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Authors

RMRachel MichelDartmouth CollegeASAriadne Sinnis-BourozikasJohns Hopkins UniversityVVValentina VanosJohns Hopkins University

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Overview

Descriptive study explores immune and hormonal differences in menstrual effluent and blood, suggesting unique properties.

Key Points

  • This research seeks to define the immune cell and hormonal characteristics of menstrual effluent relative to peripheral blood.
  • Descriptive cross-sectional study design with 13 healthy participants.
  • Isolation of immune and soluble components from menstrual effluent and paired peripheral blood.
  • Quantification of hormones via immunoassays and immune profiling through flow cytometry.
  • Increased T cells and decreased regulatory T cells and NKT cells in menstrual effluent compared to blood.
  • Multiple elevated cytokines detected in menstrual effluent, indicating an inflammatory response.

Cite This Study

Michel et al. (2026) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/6a377fb224f042ddf4c5a0cfhttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.xfss.2026.06.002
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Also Consider

Synapse has enriched 5 closely related papers on similar clinical questions. Consider them for comparative context:

  1. 1Revealing the immune landscape of menstrual blood: unlocking insights into activation, exhaustion, and mitochondrial mass for reproductive health2026
  2. 2Non-invasive profiling of antigen-specific endometrial T cells via Menstrual Effluent 22496262026
  3. 3Analysis of menstrual effluent uncovers endometriosis-specific cell populations and impaired cellular pathway processes2025 · 1 citations
  4. 4Cell type profile variation in menstrual effluent by sample collection method identified using methylation cytometry2024
  5. 5Menstrual Effluent Derived Immune Cell Composition Is Distinct in Women Using Contraceptives: A Pilot Study2025