Patterns of foot-and-mouth disease virus detection in environmental samples in an endemic setting

Figures

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  Figure 1. Field data points for (A) Temperature and (B) Relative humidity. The data points were collected across study activities from August to November in Cameroon West Africa.

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  Figure 2. Test positive proportion of fomite and surface soil samples collected from field sites. These data points are listed by entry and exit for fomites and level of traffic for soil surfaces.

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  Figure 3. Temporal test positive proportion of soil surface samples, showing the comparison of test positive proportions by time and herd. There was a significant difference in detection between week 2 and week 3 (value of p = 0.0124) and between week 1 and week 3 (value of p = 0.0265).

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  Figure 4. Spatial test positive proportion of soil surface samples, illustrating the test positive proportions by distance and herd. Across distance there was as significant difference between distance 0 m and distance 100 m (value of p = 0.0305).

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  Figure 5. Temporal test positive proportion of air samples, which showed significant differences between week 2 and week 3 (value of p = 0.0177) and week 1 and week 3 (value of p = <0.0001).

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  Figure 6. Spatial test positive proportion of air samples, which did not have significant differences in FMD viral RNA detection from the center to the periphery of the site. However, a significant difference in detection was shown between herd 1 and herd 2 (value of p = 0.0339).

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  Figure 7. Predictions of FMDV Detection across distance based on environmental factors. This figure displays the results from the non-informed model used for prediction analysis for the detection of FMDV at each distance, 0 m (A), 50 m (B), 75 m (C), and 100 m (D). The figure shows that the overall trends are similar across the distances, with detection increasing at the highest temperature (31°C) when RH increases. This also suggests that this effect is more pronounced at the center of the herd (A).