Background: Pneumonia is an inflammatory process affecting the airways and lung parenchyma, characterized by alveolar inflammation that leads to infiltration and consolidation of the lungs and disruption of gas exchange, which may result in respiratory distress. Objectives: This study aims to identify the bacterial species that cause pneumonia and to determine their antibiotic resistance patterns. Methods: This cross-sectional observational study assessed antibiotic resistance among patients with pneumonia in Diyala Province. Patients were identified from hospital and laboratory records over a four-month period (December 1st, 2024 - March 29th, 2025), yielding 100 patients, comprising 55 males and 45 females. Results: The study population comprised 55% male and 45% female patients. The age distribution showed that most patients were 36 to 75 years old, with the 66-75 age group representing the largest group at nearly 20%. The 36-45 and 46-55 age groups each accounted for more than 15% of patients. Younger patients (under 16 years) and older patients (76-85 years) were the smallest groups, each with percentages under 5%. It was demonstrated that Streptococcus pneumoniae accounted for the highest proportion of pneumonia cases. Regarding bacterial resistance, Pseudomonas luteola showed significant resistance to ciprofloxacin (75%) and chloramphenicol (75%), while Streptococcus pneumoniae showed high resistance to azithromycin and erythromycin (87.5%). Conclusion: Considerable variation in antibiotic resistance patterns among bacterial species. Seventy-five percent of the high resistance of Pseudomonas luteola to ciprofloxacin and chloramphenicol was shown in this study. In addition, it has been shown that Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common cause of pneumonia and warrants further study to elucidate the factors that influence the spread of this infection.
Rasheed et al. (Sat,) studied this question.