Development of a Simple and Sustainable Capillary Electrophoresis Method for the Simultaneous Determination of Biogenic Amines in Mushrooms

In this study, a capillary electrophoresis (CE)-based analytical method was developed and validated for the simultaneous quantification of seven biogenic amines—putrescine, histamine, cadaverine, spermidine, spermine, tyramine, and tryptamine—in mushroom samples. The method used an electrolyte containing imidazole (15 mmol L⁻ 1 ), crown ether (30 mmol L⁻ 1 ), α-cyclodextrin (7 mmol L⁻ 1 ), and EDTA (3.5 mmol L⁻ 1 ) at pH 4.0, with indirect UV detection at 214 nm. Sample extraction was optimized using 0.1 mol L⁻ 1 HCl, yielding recoveries of 94.7%–110%. The method exhibited excellent linearity ( R 2 ≥ 0.998), with limits of detection ranging from 0.12 to 1.10 mg L⁻ 1 and limits of quantification from 0.35 to 3.34 mg L⁻ 1 . Application to Hiratake, Champignon de Paris, and Portobello mushroom samples revealed biogenic amine concentrations ranging from 1.50 to 26.0 mg kg⁻ 1 . The proposed method demonstrated high efficiency, lower waste generation, and suitability for routine quality control and food safety monitoring.