Emerging nanobiosensors and CRISPR-Cas9 nanocarriers: perspectives toward sustainable cancer diagnosis and therapy

Cancer is the leading cause of mortality in the world, and conventional therapeutics are limited by poor specificity, systemic toxicity, and delayed diagnosis. Although significant progress has been made in nanotechnology and gene-editing platforms, the integration of Green nano-material, Nano-biosensing systems, and CRISPR/Cas9-based therapeutics in cancer management remains insufficient. This review aims to evaluate recent advancements in green nanotechnology-enabled biosensors for early cancer biomarker detection and to examine the role of nano-carrier-assisted CRISPR/Cas 9 delivery system in improving gene-editing precision and therapeutic efficacy. This research explores the use of green nanotechnology that encourages the creation of biocompatible, environmentally friendly nanomaterials and reduces toxicity concerns at the price of maintaining high sensitivity and specificity. Furthermore, the review discusses how nano-carrier platforms improve the stability, cellular uptake, and targeted delivery of CRISPR components, thereby reducing off-target effects and enhancing therapeutic outcomes by integrating eco-friendly nano-biosensing technologies with advanced gene editing systems. This work highlights emerging strategies aimed at improving early diagnosis, enabling site-specific intervention and supporting the development of personalized cancer therapies.