Associations between cardio-ankle vascular index score, an indicator of arteriosclerosis and aortic volume and hemodynamic parameters using four-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging

Figures

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  Fig. 1. Flowchart showing patient selection. MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; 4D, four-dimensional; CAVI, cardio-ankle vascular index

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  Fig. 2. Evaluation of segmented thoracic aorta. The green area represents the segmented thoracic aorta in the same cross-section. a Sagittal cine image of the ascending aorta at the level of the upper border of the right main pulmonary artery (white arrow). b Sagittal cine image of the descending aorta at the level of the upper border of the pulmonary valve (white arrow)

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  Fig. 3. Individual data for TAV, Energy loss max/TAV, Vorticity max/TAV, Helicity abs max/TAV, Helicity right screw max/TAV, and Helicity left screw min/TAV in patients in the low CAVI and high CAVI groups. a TAV: low CAVI vs high CAVI, P < 0.0001. b Energy loss max/TAV: low CAVI vs high CAVI, P = 0.0005. c Vorticity max/TAV: low CAVI vs high CAVI, P < 0.0001. d Helicity abs max/TAV: low CAVI vs high CAVI, P = 0.0007. e Helicity right screw max/TAV: low CAVI vs high CAVI, P < 0.0001. f Helicity left screw min/TAV: low CAVI vs high CAVI, P < 0.0001. Abbreviations: TAV, thoracic aortic volume; abs, absolute; max, maximum; min, minimum; CAVI, cardio-ankle vascular index

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  Fig. 4. Four-dimensional flow map imaging of a 38-year-old man with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in the low CAVI group. The left ventricular ejection fraction was 48%, and the CAVI score was 6.3. a EL in the end-diastolic phase. b EL in the early systolic phase. c EL in the end-systolic phase. d EL in the early diastolic phase. e Vort in the end-diastolic phase. f Vort in the early systolic phase. g Vort in the end-systolic phase. h Vort in the early diastolic phase. i Hel in the end-diastolic phase. j Hel in the early systolic phase. k Hel in the end-systolic phase. l Hel in the early diastolic phase. Abbreviations: CAVI, cardio-ankle vascular index; EL, energy loss; Vort, vorticity; Hel, helicity

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  Fig. 5. Four-dimensional flow map imaging of a 58-year-old man with myocarditis in the high CAVI group. The left ventricular ejection fraction was 47%, and the CAVI score was 9.8. a EL in the end-diastolic phase. b EL in the early systolic phase. c EL in the end-systolic phase. d EL in the early diastolic phase. e Vort in the end-diastolic phase. f Vort in the early systolic phase. g Vort in the end-systolic phase. h Vort in the early diastolic phase. i Hel in the end-diastolic phase. j Hel in the early systolic phase. k Hel in the end-systolic phase. l Hel in the early diastolic phase. Abbreviations: CAVI, cardio-ankle vascular index; EL, energy loss; Vort, vorticity; Hel, helicity