Escape or stay? Diverse effects of extreme weather risks on household tourism consumption

A comprehensive assessment of extreme weather risks’ impact on tourism provides the scientific basis for climate-resilient tourism, yet research from the tourist-origin perspective remains limited. We establish a conceptual framework based on Protection Motivation Theory and present supporting empirical evidence. Using China Family Panel Studies data and extreme weather risk data, we demonstrate asymmetric effects: extreme high temperature elevates household tourism consumption, while extreme rainfall reduces it. Internet use significantly moderates the effects of extreme high temperature and extreme rainfall, while income moderates the extreme rainfall-consumption relationship. Married households and non-agricultural households demonstrate stronger negative reactions to extreme rainfall. Furthermore, the increase in extreme high temperature-driven consumption stems from additional consumption. This study offers specific tourism management implications in addition to enhancing the knowledge system regarding the extreme weather effects on tourism.