Reassessing ADHD Management: Integrating Gut Microbiome Insights and Herbal Nutritional Strategies

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a complex, heterogeneous neurodevelopmental condition that significantly impairs executive control and cognitive regulation. In 2023, the global prevalence was estimated at 8%, with a notable increase in pediatric cases. Current pharmacotherapies involving psychostimulants carry significant risks of dependency or abuse, while non-stimulants often exhibit clinical limitations such as a protracted onset of action and minimal cognitive benefit. Consequently, there is an urgent demand for safer and more sustainable therapeutic strategies. Emerging research suggests a significant correlation between ADHD and gut microbiome dysbiosis, particularly in children. This gut microbial imbalance is proposed to influence behavior and neurodevelopment through the gut-microbiota-brain axis. This review synthesizes current insights into ADHD pathogenesis, evaluates existing therapeutic challenges, and explores the evidence for using herbal and microbiome-targeted interventions to enhance the quality of life and cognitive function of affected children.