Visit-to-visit variability in multiple biological measurements and cognitive performance and risk of cardiovascular disease: A cohort study

Figures

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  Fig. 1. Flow chart of participants included in each analysis.

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  Fig. 2. MMSE score per one point increase in visit-to-visit variability for each of our six measurements; showing A. adjusted for baseline MMSE only, and B. adjusted for baseline MMSE, age, sex, education, BMI (except for in weight variability analysis), smoking status, treatment allocation, hypertension, diabetes, prior stroke, prior MI, mean measurement value, and time. Where variability is measured as the z-score of the SD (i.e., how many standard deviations above or below the mean SD each participant's value lies) for each measurement. Abbreviations: MMSE: mini-mental state examination, N: number, B: beta, CI: confidence interval. All significant p-values survived correction for false discovery rate, see Supplementary Table 3 for corrected values.

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  Fig. 3. MMSE mean difference between participants with 0 high variability measurements and those with 1, 2, 3 or 4 or more measurements with high variability, showing A. adjusted for baseline MMSE only and B. adjusted for baseline MMSE, age, sex, education, BMI, smoking status, treatment allocation, hypertension, diabetes, prior stroke, prior MI, mean measurement values, and time.. Abbreviations: MMSE: mini-mental state examination, B: beta, CI: confidence interval. All significant p-values survived correction for false discovery rate, see Supplementary Table 3 for corrected values.

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  Fig. 4. Hazard ratio of CVD^ per one unit increase in visit-to-visit variability, showing A. unadjusted, and B adjusted for baseline MMSE, age, sex, education, BMI, smoking status, treatment allocation, hypertension, diabetes, prior stroke, prior MI, and mean measurement values. Where variability is measured as the z-score of the SD (i.e., how many standard deviations above or below the mean SD each participant's value lies) for each measurement. ^ CVD defined as non-fatal stroke, non-fatal myocardial infarction (MI), or death from cardiovascular causes. Abbreviations: CVD: cardiovascular disease, N: number, HR: hazard ratio, CI: confidence interval. All significant p-values survived correction for false discovery rate, see Supplementary Table 3 for corrected values.

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  Fig. 5. Hazard ratio of CVD^ in participants with 1, 2, 3 or 4 or more high variability measurements versus those with 0, showing A. unadjusted and B. adjusted for baseline MMSE, age, sex, education, BMI, smoking status, treatment allocation, hypertension, diabetes, prior stroke, prior MI, and mean measurement values. ^ CVD defined as non-fatal stroke, non-fatal myocardial infarction (MI), or death from cardiovascular causes. Abbreviations: CVD: cardiovascular disease, N: number, HR: hazard ratio, CI: confidence interval. All significant p-values survived correction for false discovery rate, see Supplementary Table 3 for corrected values.