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July 1, 2026Open Access

Voynichese Has Natural-Language-Range Character Entropy but Anomalous Order-Scaling: A Corrected Statistical Characterization

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Authors

MOMatthew Owens

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Overview

Correction re-analyzes Voynich Manuscript character entropy and order scaling, implying unique structural constraints.

Key Points

  • This research aims to clarify the statistical characteristics of the Voynich Manuscript, specifically focusing on character entropy and order scaling.
  • Re-analyzed Voynich Manuscript text using v101 transliteration with ~40,600 word tokens.
  • Applied held-out, smoothed character n-gram models against real Latin and Italian controls.
  • Conducted statistical tests including vowel-stripping to examine within-word order-scaling.
  • Voynichese's character entropy ranks within natural-language range, with order-3 perplexity ~5.9–6.1, which is less predictable than Latin (4.7) and Italian (4.9).
  • The within-word order-scaling shows limited predictability improvement (Δ(H₁−H₃) ≈ +0.08) compared to natural languages (~1.0).
  • Glyph frequencies reveal strong layout dependency, with specific glyphs enriched at line beginnings and ends, indicating a unique structural writing system.

Cite This Study

Matthew Owens (2026) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/6a44aedf5cd2549c8bc43f2dhttps://doi.org/10.17613/5nhb8-ra074
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Also Consider

Synapse has enriched 5 closely related papers on similar clinical questions. Consider them for comparative context:

  1. 1Word-Order Information, Page-Anchored Repetition, and a Data-Estimated Generative Model for the Voynich Manuscript2026
  2. 2Structural Signatures of the Voynich Manuscript2026
  3. 3Toward a Phonetic Decryption of the Voynich Manuscript: Correction of Methodological Bias (Version 2)2026
  4. 4A Morpho-Zonal Model of the Voynich Manuscript: Decoding Line-End Anomalies as Guild Numeronyms and Scriptorium Formularies2026
  5. 5Sub-lexical Regularity in the Voynich Manuscript: BPE Morpheme Signature Discriminates Competing Hypotheses and Reveals a Concentrated Suffix System2026