Tailored anesthesia protocols for echo-based HFpEF phenotyping in C57BL6/N mice

Echocardiographic evaluation of diastolic function in murine HFpEF models remains challenging due to insufficient temporal resolution of current high frequency doppler probes at heart rates beyond 450 beats per minute (bpm). Aiming to optimize anesthesia for diastolic assessment in mice, we compared standard isoflurane sedation with a combination of isoflurane and either of the negative chronotropic substances medetomidine or esmolol. Both combined anesthetic regimens preserved doppler measurement accuracy while resulting in lower heart rates, better discernibility of separate doppler velocity waves and shorter examination times. However, the combination of isoflurane and medetomidine showed a superior safety profile, preservation of systolic function as well as higher inter-rater reliability, recommending itself as a refined anesthetic protocol for echo-based HFpEF phenotyping in C57BL6/N mice.