Genomic epidemiology, evolution, and transmission dynamics of porcine sapelovirus associated with diarrheic piglets

Figures

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  Figure 1.. Characteristics of PSV detection in northeastern China from 2015 to 2022. (A) Schematic overview of 327 fecal samples collected from pigs between 2015 and 2022. The upset plot summarizes the twelve common swine diarrhea-associated viruses (PAstV, TBoV, PCV, PDCoV, PEDV, PEV, PKV, PoRV, PSV, PTV, TGEV, and TTSUV). Color shading and circle size indicate yearly sample numbers. (B) Geographic distribution of the 17 PSV whole-genome sequences obtained in this study from 2015 to 2022. The phylogenetic tree was constructed using the maximum-likelihood method with 1,000 bootstrap replicates. Circle sizes in each province denote the number of sequenced PSV genomes. (C) Annual PSV-positive rate from 2015 to 2022.

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  Figure 2.. Evolution and recombination of PSV strains from four geographical regions: Europe, China, Japan, and Africa. (A–D) Maximum-likelihood time-scaled phylogenetic trees of complete PSV genomes from four geographical regions: (A) Europe, (B) China, (C) Japan, and (D) Africa. Different symbols indicate different sampling times. The x-axis represents time in years. Insets show the posterior probability density distributions of the time to the most recent common ancestor (TMRCA) for PSV strains from the four geographical regions. (E) Breakpoint distributions of recombination events in PSV strains from the four geographical regions.

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  Figure 3.. Haplotype dynamics of PSV. Five groups (A–E) of haplotypes were identified in Supplementary Figure. S6, Supplementary Material online. (A–D) 3C haplotype distribution in (A) Europe, (B) China, (C) Japan, and (D) South Africa. (E) Global distribution of various haplotype groups.

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  Figure 4.. Spatiotemporal diffusion of PSV strains based on the currently available genome dataset.