Digital product passports and the challenge of product structure granularity: a decision-making framework for the level of DPP integration

Political goals, emerging EU sustainability regulations, and industrial digitalization are driving the introduction of Digital Product Passports (DPPs) to enhance transparency, traceability, and compliance across product life cycles. However, the appropriate granularity of DPP integration across product architectures remains ambiguous. This paper introduces a structured, decision oriented framework that links product structure, regulatory relevance, and information depth to define consistent DPP levels, supporting both industry implementation and future standardization.