Securing Minds in a Smart Society: The Role of Virtual Private Networks in Libraries of Society 5.0

This study investigates the role of Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) in advancing digital privacy, equitable information access, and cybersecurity resilience in libraries operating within the Society 5.0 framework. It aims to assess user awareness and perceptions, institutional readiness, and strategic opportunities for VPN integration into smart library systems. The study adopts a convergent mixed-methods design. Quantitative data were collected through a structured survey administered to 120 library users across three Nigerian universities. Qualitative data were gathered via semi-structured interviews with six key informants, including librarians, ICT heads, and digital policy stakeholders. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the survey responses, while thematic analysis was applied to interview transcripts. The findings indicate that although users demonstrate moderate awareness of VPNs, there is high interest in their application for privacy protection and access to restricted digital resources. Institutional stakeholders support VPN adoption but identify barriers such as insufficient technical infrastructure, lack of VPN literacy, and absence of policy frameworks to regulate usage. The study suggests that VPN implementation in libraries can enhance digital trust, protect user privacy, and promote inclusive access to knowledge. However, this requires investment in infrastructure, staff/user training, and policy development aligned with cybersecurity and ethical standards.