Role of comorbidities in heart failure prognosis Part I: Anaemia, iron deficiency, diabetes, atrial fibrillation

Figures

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  Figure 1.. Effect of glycaemic control on long-term prognosis (composite of cardiovascular death, urgent heart transplant, or left ventricular assist device implantation) in diabetic heart failure patients at baseline (panel on the left) and after correction for multiple confounders (ejection fraction, oxygen uptake at peak exercise, haemoglobin, minute ventilation/carbon dioxide production relationship slope, renal function and sodium plasma levels) (panel on the right). Data from the MECKI score database. Modified from Johansson et al.25 HbA1c: glycated haemoglobin.

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  Figure 2.. Explicative example of different kinetics of the exercise-induced heart rate (HR) response between a heart failure patient (male, 55 years old) on sinus rhythm (black line) and another patient (male, 51 years old) with atrial fibrillation (red line). In spite of a significantly lower peak oxygen uptake (VO2 peak), the atrial fibrillation patient shows an oxygen uptake at anaerobic threshold (AT) similar to the sinus rhythm patient. Modified from Magri et al.40

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  Figure 3.. Kaplan–Meier analysis of study endpoint (composite of cardiovascular (CV) death, urgent heart transplant (HTX) or left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implantation) according to β-blocker equivalent dose at a 10-year follow-up (p < 0.0001). Blue line = no β-blocker, red line = low dose (≤12.5 mg/day), yellow line = medium dose (>12.5–≤25 mg/day), green line = high dose (25 mg/day). Modified from Campodonico et al.42