Multi-horizon model predictive frequency control for modern power systems

This paper introduces a new paradigm for frequency control in power systems based on optimization through Model Predictive Control (MPC). The approach unifies primary and secondary frequency regulation in a multi-horizon structure that coordinates distinct time scales, bridging conventional synchronous generation and converter-interfaced generation (CIG), while also enabling inertial response. This approach enhances system stability while providing a cost-effective solution that respects market inputs and operational constraints. To demonstrate the performance of the proposed paradigm, a two-area system is studied, comprising synchronous generators with prime movers as well as CIG, including battery energy storage systems operating at zero net energy over the long term.