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Identifies sign convention divergence in quantum simulation backends, suggesting implications for algorithm portability.
We present CleitonForge, a neutral benchmarking layer for quantum circuit simulation implemented in Rust. By routing identical circuits through a canonical intermediate representation to four independent simulation backends (native statevector, quantrs2, roqoqo, q1tsim), we identify a sign convention disagreement in the Rz rotation gate that produces zero cross-backend fidelity on parameterized quantum circuits. The divergence is invisible to standard Clifford benchmarks and the IBM Quantum Volume test but produces exactly F=0 on QAOA and VQE circuits at specific rotation angles. We characterize the affected gate family, implement a convention normalization transpiler that restores fidelity to unity, and discuss implications for variational quantum algorithm portability across simulation frameworks. CleitonForge is open source (Apache 2.0) at https://github.com/cleitonaugusto/cleitonforge.
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Cleiton Augusto Correa Bezerra (2026) studied this question.
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