Robots in the stacks: automation, service innovation and emerging case applications in libraries

Purpose The rapid advancement of robotics and automation technologies is transforming library operations and redefining service delivery models in contemporary knowledge environments. This paper aims to examine the role of robotic technologies in libraries, with particular emphasis on how automation drives service innovation and operational efficiency. It further integrates emerging case applications and practice-based illustrations to demonstrate real-world adoption and impact. Design/methodology/approach The study adopts a conceptual and exploratory approach, supported by a critical review of scholarly literature on robotics and automation in library and information science. To enhance practical relevance, the chapter incorporates illustrative case examples and practice narratives drawn from documented implementations and emerging library experiences. Findings The chapter reveals that robotic technologies support key library functions such as automated shelving and retrieval, inventory management, user assistance and security monitoring. Case illustrations demonstrate how libraries using robotic systems have improved efficiency, reduced manual workload and enhanced user engagement. Practice narratives further show that even pilot implementations can significantly transform routine operations and service delivery. However, challenges related to cost, infrastructure, staff competencies and ethical considerations remain significant barriers to widespread adoption. Practical implications The paper provides actionable insights for library managers and practitioners by highlighting feasible entry points for adopting robotics and automation technologies. It underscores the importance of staff training, strategic planning and pilot testing in ensuring successful implementation within diverse library contexts. Originality/value Through a combination of conceptual analysis with emerging case applications and practice-based evidence, this paper extends existing discourse on smart libraries and technological innovation. It positions robotics as a practical and transformative tool for developing next-generation, user-centered and intelligent library services.