Evaluates new IP valuation methods in corporate finance, suggesting market improvements.
IP Stock Exchange 3.3 is the world's first financial architecture that creates a pure spot market for valuing corporate Intellectual Property (IP) through decentralized (centralized) trading instruments — without company consent, without title transfer, without oracles, and without modifying legacy accounting standards (GAAP/IFRS). Version 3.3 adds architectural extensions for IP derivatives, cross-layer instruments, and IP/Stock spread trading — enabling hedging, speculation, and relative-value strategies.
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Michelle et al. (2026) studied this question.
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