Anti-inflammatory mechanisms of zinc oxide nanoparticles: A systematic review and meta-analysis of in vitro and in vivo evidence (2015–2026)

Inflammation is an essential immune response involved in pathogenesis of chronic diseases, tissue injury, cancer, and aging. Traditional anti-inflammatory therapies, are usually limited by systemic toxicity and long-term safety issues. ZnO-NPs (Zinc Oxide nanoparticles) have gained attention as nanotherapeutic agent due to their unique physical, chemical and biological activities. This reviews mostly summarizes recent advancements ( 2015–2026 ) in anti-inflammatory activity of ZnO-NPs through both a decade review of literature and meta-analysis. Evidences from in vitro and in vivo studies showed that ZnO-NPs modulate key inflammatory pathways by inhibiting NF-κB and JAK/STAT signaling, suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokines, reducing oxidative stress, and restoring redox homeostasis. Meta-analysis of included studies revealed a noticeable reduction in pro-inflammatory biomarkers, encompassing TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IFN-γ, also with an increase in anti-inflammatory cytokines, particularly Interleukin-4 (IL-4), substantiating anti-inflammatory potential of ZnO-NPs. Green synthesized ZnO-NPs showed improved biocompatibility and therapeutic ability. By combining mechanistic insights with quantitative evidence, this review establishes ZnO NPs as promising nanotherapeutic candidates for inflammation management.