A consolidated analysis of present and future battery material composition

Reliable battery composition data are essential for quantifying battery material flows, assessing recyclability, and evaluating supply-chain risks associated with critical raw materials (CRMs). However, available data are scattered across heterogeneous sources with inconsistent reporting formats and system boundaries, limiting cross-study comparability. This study addresses this gap by systematically collecting, harmonizing, and consolidating battery composition data at the cell level from 156 sources, including research articles, material safety data sheets and industry reports, into a consistent multi-layer framework. The resulting dataset comprises 921 records covering six battery types and 37 electrochemical systems at the component, material and element layer. A data quality scoring system and triangular-distribution-based uncertainty assessment are applied to evaluate the reliability of each record. Regression analysis demonstrates that the core composition within established cathode chemistries remains statistically stable over time. Furthermore, citation network analysis reveals that many studies rely on composition data generated 7 to 20 years prior to publication, highlighting the need for careful source tracing. CRM content varies substantially across chemistries, peaking in lithium cobalt oxide chemistries and nickel-metal hydride systems, and lowest in zinc-based and lead-acid batteries. The consolidated dataset, publicly available via Zenodo, provides a standardized baseline that enables robust cross-study comparisons and directly supports the quantification of battery material flows, recyclability assessment, and CRM reporting obligations under the EU Battery Regulation. Future work should prioritize greater manufacturer transparency and timely updates to incorporate emerging chemistries.