Adolescent Solastalgia and Climate Distress in Colombia: Psychosocial Correlates Across Urban, Semiurban, and Rural Contexts

Background: Environmental degradation and climate-related territorial transformation are increasingly recognized as social determinants of adolescent mental health. However, empirical evidence on solastalgia among young people in the Global South remains limited. This study aimed to examine psychosocial, health-related, school-related, family, and territorial factors associated with solastalgia among school-attending adolescents in Colombia. Methods: A quantitative, cross-sectional analytical study was conducted between August 2025 and February 2026 with 1005 adolescents from three Colombian territories undergoing different forms of environmental transformation: an urban setting affected by construction-related change, a semiurban setting affected by agricultural transformation, and a rural setting affected by extractivism. Solastalgia was assessed using the Brief Solastalgia Scale. Psychosocial, health-related, school-related, and contextual variables were measured using validated or locally supported instruments. Bivariate analyses, multiple linear regression, and non-parametric territorial comparisons were conducted. Results: Solastalgia differed significantly across territorial groups, with the semiurban group showing the highest mean ranks for solastalgia, followed by the rural and urban groups. However, territorial comparisons showed heterogeneous psychosocial and health-related patterns rather than a uniform gradient across all outcomes. Older age was independently associated with higher solastalgia scores. In the final regression model, solastalgia was independently associated with resilience, substance use screening, suicide risk, age, physical health status, conflict resolution, concern about climate change, and territorial origin. The model explained 42.9% of the variance in solastalgia scores. Territorial origin contributed a small but statistically significant additional proportion of explained variance. Conclusions: Adolescent solastalgia in Colombia is not reducible to individual psychological vulnerability. It reflects a broader socioecological configuration involving emotional distress, perceived health, psychosocial resources, school-related experiences, concern about climate change, and place-based environmental transformation. These findings support the need for school-based and community-based public health responses that integrate adolescent mental health care with environmental protection, cultural safety, and territorial justice.