Mental representation derived from path descriptions: can natural-based landmarks make a difference?

Learning route descriptions are associated with the formation of spatial mental models. Recent findings have highlighted that emotional landmarks enhance path learning and that natural elements promote positive emotions and cognitive performance. This preregistered study investigates the impact of natural-based landmarks, compared to artificial and function-based ones, in route descriptions on emotional state and spatial recall as well as the contribution of individual differences. A total of 160 young adults (96 women, aged 19–35 years) listened to three route descriptions featuring different landmark types. They then rated their emotional state, performed a map drawing task, and evaluated landmark recall, pleasantness, and vividness. General individual spatial and nature-related dispositions were also assessed. Linear mixed-effects model analyses showed that emotional states were predicted by emotional traits, whereas spatial recall was positively predicted by the ability to recall and visualize landmarks. Overall, the findings mainly highlight the role of individual abilities and preferences in spatial mental models derived from verbal descriptions.