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This research addresses biases in the Impact Factor by proposing a new citation indicator, the Φ index, that normalizes for size and field.

Φ index: A standardized scale-independent and field-normalized citation indicator

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Randomized trial evaluates the Φ index for citation accuracy in various academic fields, suggesting improved journal rankings.

This research addresses biases in the Impact Factor by proposing a new citation indicator, the Φ index, that normalizes for size and field.
Developed the Φ index formula to standardize citation averages (Φ = (f - μ)√n/σ)
Applied Φ index to 12,173 journals from Clarivate’s Journal Citation Reports
Conducted a Monte Carlo random sample test for validation.
Φ index enhances rankings for underrepresented fields, effectively correcting for size bias
Demonstrated significant improvements in citation accuracy across multiple academic disciplines
Proposed methodology as a standard diagnostic for citation indicators.

Manolis Antonoyiannakis (2026) studied this question.

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View Full Paper

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Authors

Randomized trial evaluates the Φ index for citation accuracy in various academic fields, suggesting improved journal rankings.

This research addresses biases in the Impact Factor by proposing a new citation indicator, the Φ index, that normalizes for size and field.
Developed the Φ index formula to standardize citation averages (Φ = (f - μ)√n/σ)
Applied Φ index to 12,173 journals from Clarivate’s Journal Citation Reports
Conducted a Monte Carlo random sample test for validation.
Φ index enhances rankings for underrepresented fields, effectively correcting for size bias
Demonstrated significant improvements in citation accuracy across multiple academic disciplines
Proposed methodology as a standard diagnostic for citation indicators.

Manolis Antonoyiannakis (2026) studied this question.

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