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This article clarifies conceptual differences between co-production/co-design and participatory action research (PAR) to guide practitioners.

Co-production/co-design or participatory action research (PAR)? Pointers for when to consider co-production/co-design or PAR

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Conceptual framework clarifies distinctions between co-production/co-design and PAR for better project selection and accountability.

This article clarifies conceptual differences between co-production/co-design and participatory action research (PAR) to guide practitioners.
Critical conceptual discussion informed by interdisciplinary literature on co-production, co-design, and PAR.
Comparison of these approaches through five dimensions: purpose, participant roles, power dynamics, process, and epistemology.
Synthesis of theoretical and practice-based sources to develop a practical framework for participatory research.
Co-production/co-design and PAR overlap in rejecting top-down models but differ in focus and application.
Co-production/co-design better facilitates collaborative service improvement, while PAR is suited for collective social action.
Improved clarity in these distinctions can enhance project choice and accountability to community partners.

Bruno De Oliveira (2026) studied this question.

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