Dataset tests galaxy formation ability against Hubble expansion in 200 galaxies over cosmic time, indicating implications for cosmic structure formation.
Title: Hubble Drag Criterion: Data for 200 Galaxies from z = 0 to z = 14.3 Abstract: This dataset presents the observational data and model predictions for 200 galaxies used to test the "Hubble Drag Criterion" H1 across cosmic time from z = 0 to z = 14.3. The criterion tests whether galaxy self-gravity can overcome Hubble expansion drag to form a disk. Model: H1 = H * [(1 + β) * G * M_bar / R_d^2 - c * H(z) / (2π)]
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Raman Kumar (2026) studied this question.
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