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The aim is to establish a two-layer architectural approach for ensuring double-spend safety without global consensus in blockchain systems.

July 15, 2026Open Access

Continuity Without Consensus: A Two-Layer Approach to Consensus-Free Double-Spend Safety (AXIOM)

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The aim is to establish a two-layer architectural approach for ensuring double-spend safety without global consensus in blockchain systems.
Introduction of a uniqueness layer and integrity layer managed by separate populations.
Implementation of deterministic quorum intersection to enhance safety against adversarial conditions.
Exhaustive model-checking using TLA+/TLC to verify safety properties.
Established Theorem 1 confirming that no two conflicting branches are durable on the honest view.
Demonstrated that local double-spends never enter the honest settled view once detected.
Provided a reproducibility artifact containing safety specifications and rigorous testing logs.

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Randomized trial demonstrates a new architecture for double-spend safety in decentralized networks, suggesting enhanced security measures.

AXIOM Origin Validator (2026) studied this question.

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Randomized trial demonstrates a new architecture for double-spend safety in decentralized networks, suggesting enhanced security measures.