Refutation of Dark Matter and Dark Energy Hypotheses Based on the Hysteresis Evolution Effect of Galactic Spiral Arm Drag

To explain the anomalous orbital velocities of stars in galaxies, modern astrophysics has introduced the hypotheses of dark matter and dark energy to fill the "gravitational deficit" gap calculated by the classical point-to-point gravitational model. However, these two hypothetical substances have never yielded direct observational evidence or physical verification, serving merely as theoretical patches. This paper relies on an original dual gravitational system of global gravity and chained drag gravity, combined with the evolutionary law of overall galactic contraction. It clarifies that the orbital rotation speed of stars continuously rises during galactic contraction. Galaxies bear no additional external forces, and drag constraints are generated solely by chained gravity between visible celestial bodies. When rotation speeds rise, chained drag gravity has an upper limit, creating temporal hysteresis in the motion of inner and outer stars, which manifests macroscopically as spiral arms with continuously expanding and steepening curvature. If massive dark matter and dark energy existed, they would supply extra external gravitational force and eliminate the drag hysteresis effect, directly conflicting with astronomical observations. From dual dimensions of galactic contraction dynamics and observational facts of spiral arm evolution, this paper thoroughly refutes the physical necessity of dark matter and dark energy, and establishes a self-consistent galactic evolution model entirely supported by gravitational coupling of visible matter.