Assessing New Urbanism–Transit-Oriented Development Principles in Al Malqa District, Riyadh: Adaptations for Sustainable Development Under Saudi Vision 2030

This study develops and applies an adapted New Urbanism–Transit-Oriented Development (NU–TOD) framework to evaluate spatial, functional, and climatic performance in Al Malqa District, Riyadh. Integrating NU–TOD principles with hot-arid microclimate research, Saudi sociocultural norms, and Vision 2030 governance, the study employs a convergent mixed-methods design that combines Geographic Information Systems (GIS)-based land-use and network analyses, shading and microclimate indicators, and policy review. Results show that Al Malqa benefits from strong civic anchors and proximity to a Line 1 metro station but exhibits limited walkability, low station-area densities, constrained mixed-use intensity, and insufficient shading, which together reduce effective walking catchments and transit viability. A phased intervention strategy is proposed: short-term shading and feeder-mobility improvements; medium-term TOD zoning, parking reform, and public-realm upgrades; and long-term mixed-use redevelopment and district-scale green infrastructure. A reproducible Multi-criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) feasibility assessment (impact, regulatory ease, cost, timeline) prioritises shaded pedestrian corridors and feeder mobility as the most implementable early actions. The study contributes a replicable evaluation model for hot-arid cities and offers actionable guidance for Vision 2030, aligned with suburban intensification in Riyadh.