Key result
Higher baseline IL-6 linked to worse depression symptom trajectories, peaking at age 16.
Why the study?
Peripheral inflammatory markers are associated with depression, but less is known about how these markers associate with depression across different stages of the life course.
Does higher baseline IL-6 associate with worse trajectories of depressive symptoms across the life course?
Cohort (n=44,448)
Yes
Does higher baseline IL-6 associate with worse trajectories of depressive symptoms across the life course?
Systemic inflammation, indicated by higher IL-6 levels, is associated with worse depressive symptom trajectories across the life course.
Higher IL-6 links to worse depressive trajectories across ages; leaves open causality and any role for anti-inflammatory strategies.
BACKGROUND: Peripheral inflammatory markers, including serum interleukin 6 (IL-6), are associated with depression, but less is known about how these markers associate with depression at different stages of the life course. METHODS: = 39,613) using multilevel growth curve modeling. Models were adjusted for sex, BMI, and socioeconomic factors. Depressive symptoms were measured using the Short Moods and Feelings Questionnaire in ALSPAC (max time points = 11) and the Patient Health Questionnaire-2 in UK Biobank (max time points = 8). RESULTS: Higher baseline IL-6 was associated with worse depression symptom trajectories in both cohorts (largest effect size: 0.046 [ALSPAC, age 16 years]). These associations were stronger in the younger ALSPAC cohort, where additionally higher IL-6 levels at age 9 years was associated with worse depression symptoms trajectories in females compared to males. Weaker sex differences were observed in the older cohort, UK Biobank. However, statistically significant associations (pFDR <0.05) were of smaller effect sizes, typical of large cohort studies. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that systemic inflammation may influence the severity and course of depressive symptoms across the life course, which is apparent regardless of age and differences in measures and number of time points between these large, population-based cohorts.
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Edmondson-Stait et al. (2025) conducted a cohort in Depressive symptoms (n=44,448). Higher baseline serum IL-6 levels vs. Lower baseline serum IL-6 levels (bottom tertile) was evaluated on Trajectories of depressive symptoms (MD 0.573, 95% CI 0.258-0.888, p=0.0025). Higher baseline serum IL-6 levels were associated with worse depression symptom trajectories across the life course, with the largest effect observed at age 16 (MD 0.573).
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