Real-time EEG neurofeedback training demonstrated a large pooled effect on cognitive, motor, and psychological performance in elite athletes (SMD 1.26; 95% CI 1.05-1.45).
Meta-Analysis
Does real-time EEG neurofeedback training improve cognitive, mental, and motor performance in elite athletes?
Real-time EEG neurofeedback training appears effective in enhancing attention, motor control, and anxiety regulation in elite athletes, though high heterogeneity exists.
Standardized Mean Difference: 1.26 (95% CI 1.05–1.45)
Abstract Study aim: Real-time EEG neurofeedback (NFB) training is gaining popularity as a cognitive-motor enhancement tool in elite sports. However, its protocol-specific effectiveness across disciplines and outcome domains remains unclear. This systematic review and meta-analysis examined the effects of real-time EEG NFB in elite athletes, focusing on protocol characteristics, targeted outcomes, and effect sizes. Material and methods: A search of six databases (2000–2025) identified 24 studies involving national- or international-level athletes. Protocols were categorized by frequency band (e.g., SMR, beta, theta), sport discipline, and performance domain (cognitive, motor, psychological). Risk of bias was assessed using RoB 2 and ROBINS-I; GRADE was applied to evaluate evidence certainty. Eleven studies provided quantitative data for meta-analysis using standardized mean differences (SMD). Results: Most studies involved individual sports, with judo, archery, and shooting most common. SMR and beta protocols dominated in precision sports; theta protocols were prevalent in combat sports. Meta-analysis showed a large pooled effect (SMD = 1.26; 95% CI: 1.05–1.45), with high heterogeneity ( I 2 = 94.1%). GRADE indicated moderate certainty for cognitive and psychological outcomes. Conclusion: EEG NFB appears effective in enhancing attention, motor control, and anxiety regulation in elite athletes. However, methodological variability highlights the need for standardized protocols and further replication.
Skalski et al. (Wed,) conducted a meta-analysis in Elite athletes. Real-time EEG neurofeedback (NFB) training was evaluated on cognitive, motor, and psychological outcomes (SMD 1.26, 95% CI 1.05-1.45). Real-time EEG neurofeedback training demonstrated a large pooled effect on cognitive, motor, and psychological performance in elite athletes (SMD 1.26; 95% CI 1.05-1.45).
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