Multi-strategy improved runge kutta optimizer and its promise to estimate the model parameters of solar photovoltaic modules

, provide strong evidence of the practical applicability and real-world benefits of our innovative method. Additional analyses through three-diode and PV module models further confirm the efficacy of the IRUN. A mean absolute error of down to 6.5E-04 and root mean square error of down to 7.3668E-04 are achieved. Our approach provides a practical and efficient tool for improving the accuracy of PV systems, enhancing their performance when compared to existing methods.