Effect of Riociguat on Adenine-Induced Chronic Kidney Disease in Rats

Figures

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  Figure 1. Systolic blood pressure in control rats and rats treated with adenine (A) in the absence and presence of either riociguat (3 mg/kg/day) or (10 mg/kg/day) at the beginning and end of experiment. Data are presented as mean ± SEM (n = 6).

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  Figure 2. Urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR), urinary 24 h albumin, creatinine clearance, and urinary N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) in control rats and rats treated with adenine (A) in the absence and presence of either riociguat (3 mg/kg/day) or (10 mg/kg/day) at the beginning and end of experiment. Data are presented as mean ± SEM (n = 6).

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  Figure 3. The plasma levels of interleukins (IL-1β and IL-6), along with tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), were measured in both control rats and those given adenine (A) in the absence and presence of either riociguat (3 mg/kg/day) or (10 mg/kg/day) at the beginning and end of experiment. Data are presented as mean ± SEM (n = 6).

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  Figure 4. The renal levels or enzymatic activity of SOD, CAT, TAC, GR, and MDA were measured in control rats and those treated with adenine (A) in the absence and presence of either riociguat (3 mg/kg/day) or (10 mg/kg/day) at the beginning and end of experiment. Data are presented as mean ± SEM (n = 6). SOD refers to superoxide dismutase, CAT to catalase, TAC to total antioxidant capacity, GR to glutathione reductase, and MDA to malondialdehyde.

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  Figure 5. Photomicrographs of kidneys (Bar = 100 µm, (A,C,E,G) stained with: H&E; (B,D,F,H): stained with Picro-Sirius red): (A) Control group showing normal renal histology (lesion score “0”). (C) Adenine group showing shrunken glomeruli (arrow), tubular cystic dilatation (asterisk), basophilia of the renal tubules, and cellular casts (arrowheads) (lesion score 4); (E) Adenine + riociguat (3 mg/kg/day) showing marked basophilia of renal tubules (arrow) (lesion score “2”); (G) Adenine + riociguat (10 mg/kg/day) showing dilatation of few renal tubules (asterisk) (lesion score 3). ((B), control group); ((D), adenine group); ((F), adenine + R3) ((H), adenine + R10) showing collagen fibers in red (arrowheads) and non-collagen structures in yellow.