Sodium-based batteries: from critical materials to battery systems

In this review, we systematically summarize the recent advances in designing cathode/anode materials, exploring suitable electrolyte, and understanding the operation mechanisms of post-sodium batteries (Na–O ₂ , Na–S, Na–Se, Na–CO ₂ ) as well as sodium-ion batteries. The current challenges and future perspectives for the sodium-based energy systems are also presented.