3D-Printed Carbon Architectures for Bio-Interfaces: From Engineered Scaffolds to Functional Sensors

The fast development of 3D printing has revolutionized traditional manufacturing in numerous industries, with bioengineering being one of the most affected and benefited fields. In recent years, combining carbon nanomaterials with additive manufacturing has become a major research hotspot. It enables the design and fabrication of high-performance biofunctional structures, whose mechanical, electrical and biological traits can be finely tuned to fit targeted application demands. This article systematically summarizes the latest advances of 3D printed carbon composites in bioengineering. It evaluates the adaptability of mainstream 3D printing technologies, including FDM, SLS and SLA, when incorporated with different carbon nanomaterials. In terms of practical applications, this paper discusses their development in bone regeneration scaffolds, wearable flexible electronic sensors, and electrochemical detection platforms. It also analyzes the core constraints restricting current research progress: limited material variety, unsatisfactory printing accuracy, and unclear long-term biosafety risks of carbon materials. To break through these existing limitations, this study puts forward several prospective solutions. These involve adopting AI technology to optimize printing parameters and procedures, establishing eco-friendly material systems, and promoting closer cooperation across different research disciplines. Taken together, these approaches can further boost technological innovation in personalized clinical treatment, environmental monitoring and eco-friendly biomaterial engineering.