Fermented Parkia biglobosa Seed Extract Demonstrates Reversal Rather Than Protective Effects on Aspirin‑Induced Renal Damage in Rats Model

Background: Aspirin, a widely used nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, is associated with adverse renal effects when used chronically or inappropriately. Drug-induced nephrotoxicity remains a major clinical concern, necessitating the search for alternative therapeutic agents. Parkia biglobosa, a medicinal plant rich in bioactive compounds, has demonstrated antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. However, evidence regarding its role in reversing established aspirin-induced renal damage is limited. This study investigated the effect of fermented P. biglobosa seed extract on aspirin-induced renal toxicity in male Wistar rats. Methods: Thirty adults male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to six groups (n=5). Treatments were administered orally for 14 days. Renal function was assessed using serum urea, creatinine, and electrolyte levels. Histopathological evaluation of kidney tissues was performed using haematoxylin and eosin staining. Data were expressed as mean ± SEM and analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test, with p < 0.05 considered significant. Results: Aspirin administration produced mild, non-significant alterations in renal biochemical parameters but induced marked histopathological changes, including tubular erosion and glomerular distortion. Treatment with fermented P. biglobosa seed extract improved renal architecture, particularly in the post-treatment group, where near-normal histological features were observed. Although biochemical indices showed no statistically significant differences (p > 0.05), slight trends toward recovery were observed in treated groups. Histopathological findings suggest limited prophylactic activity but notable therapeutic potential of the extract in reversing established renal damage. Conclusion: In conclusion, fermented P. biglobosa seed extract demonstrates therapeutic potential in reversing aspirin-induced renal damage rather than preventing it. These findings support its possible application as a natural intervention for the management of drug-induced kidney injury.