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Millimeter-sized ferroelectric monomorph sonar transducers have been built using sol-gel PZT on micromachined silicon wafers. First generation transducer arrays with diaphragms varying in size from 0.2 to 2 mm were tested. Second generation 8/spl times/8 arrays have also been built and tested in water in the frequency range of 0.3 to 2 MHz. Improvements to the sol-gel process have yielded high-quality, crack-free PZT films up to 12 /spl mu/m in thickness, which leads directly to higher sensitivity and figure of merit for acoustic transducers. The longitudinal piezoelectric coefficient d/sub 33/ is 140 to 240 pC/N, measured through a double beam laser interferometer. Remanent polarization of 28 /spl mu/C/cm/sup 2/, a coercive field of 30 kV/cm, and dielectric constant of 1400 were measured on 4-/spl mu/m thick films. Test results are presented, including frequency response, beam patterns, and sensitivity. High-resolution acoustic images have been generated using these transducers and a four-element underwater acoustic lens. Potential applications for these transducers include high-frequency imaging sonars, medical ultrasound, ultrasonic communication links, and flaw detection (NDT).
Bernstein et al. (Mon,) studied this question.