Equine Rotavirus A under the One Health Lens: Potential Impacts on Public Health

Figures

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  Figure 2. Expression of rotavirus structural proteins in infected cells (A–C) and morphological features of the infectious virus particle under transmission electron microscopy (D). MA-104 cells were infected with the equine RVA H2 G3P[12] strain and immunolabeled using antibodies specific to VP6 ((A), AlexaFluor® 594), equine RVA VP4 ((B), AlexaFluor® 488), or equine RVA VP7 ((C), AlexaFluor® 488). Specifically labeled viral structural proteins are noted within viroplasms in the cellular cytoplasm (arrows). (D) Negative staining of equine RVA particles following virus purification from tissue culture supernatant. RVA particles have a typical “wheel” shape with spike-like projections from the outer capsid. Transmission electron microscopy, 40,000× magnification. Bar = 50 μm. This image is reprinted with permission (Carossino et al., Detection, molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of G3P[12] and G14P[12] equine rotavirus strains co-circulating in central Kentucky, Virus Res 2018 Vol. 255 Pages 39–54 [48]).

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  Figure 1. Rotavirus structure: (A) Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) analysis showing 11 dsRNA genomic segments of RVA. Gene segments and encoded proteins are numbered to the left and to the right, respectively. (B) Schematic diagram of the rotavirus particle. The infectious triple-layered particle (TLP) comprises an outer capsid composed of VP7 (yellow) and VP4 (red/purple) spikes, a middle layer composed of VP6 (green), and an inner layer composed of VP2 (blue) to which transcriptional enzymes VP1 and VP3 are anchored (orange). (C) Cryo-EM reconstruction of transcribing double-layered particles (DLP). The endogenous transcription results in the simultaneous release of the transcribed mRNAs from channels located at the five-fold vertices of the icosahedral DLP. Reprinted from Jayaram et al. Emerging themes in rotavirus cell entry, genome organization, transcription, and replication. Virus Res. 2004 Apr;101(1):67-81 with permission [16]. (D) Reconstruction of the interacting viral proteins composing the TLP. The VP4 spike (VP8* in magenta, VP5* in red, and the VP5* segment that will form the coiled coil in the ‘post-entry’ conformation in cyan) has globular foot domains on VP5*…

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  Figure 3. Zoonotic transmission of group A rotaviruses from animals to humans. Animal rotaviruses significantly contribute to the gene segment pool of human RVA strains, enhancing their genetic diversity. Specific G- and P-types transmitted from animals to humans are depicted for each animal species.

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  Figure 4. Cross-species transmission of infrequent RVA G- and P-types from other animals to horses.