Finite element analysis for an improved crashworthiness performance of an Indonesian high-speed train

The increasing number of high-speed train operations necessitates robust crashworthiness design to ensure passenger and crew safety under potential collision scenarios. While previous studies often rely on simplified structural representations, this study develops a high-fidelity finite element model that integrates the complete Crash Energy Management (CEM) system, enabling a comprehensive system-level evaluation of crash performance. The crash box, as a primary energy-absorbing component, is investigated through nonlinear dynamic simulations of multiple configurations, with performance assessed using force–displacement response and specific energy absorption. The results show that a 2×2 mid-rib configuration provides improved energy absorption while satisfying the deceleration limits specified in EN 15227:2020. In addition, the study highlights the importance of push-back coupler attachments with shear-off bolts that enable controlled detachment, promoting more progressive load transfer and reducing abrupt deceleration. The proposed framework provides a system-level approach for the design and evaluation of crashworthy high-speed train structures, offering practical insights for future optimisation and regulatory compliance.